Albert+Einstein

Schwartz, John. __1905: Einstein's 'Mirical Year'__. April 18, 2005 Scholastic Inc.. January 26, 2009 http://discoverer.prod.sirs.com/discoweb/disco/do/article?urn=urn%3Asirs%3AUS%3BARTICLE%3BART%3B0000217769.
 * He wrote three documents that changed the laws of physics. jr
 * 1905 (His "Mirical Year") was when he was established as the mosst famouse geniuse in the world. jr
 * His reputation grew untill his death. jr
 * He failed his first entry exam into college. jr
 * "Had a transformative effect on the world" says Peter Galison. jr
 * Came from nowhere and turned things upside down. jr
 * His "Special Thoery of Relativity" postulated that space and time were not absolute, but varied depending on one's perspective. jr
 * Seriouse coverage of Einsteins work began in November 1919 when Britian's Royal Society officially endorsed the General Theory of Relativity. jr
 * Made up the equation E=mc2. jr
 * E=mc2 means, energy is equal to mass times the speed of light squared. jr
 * His idea of massive energy led to the development of atomic weapons and nuclear power. jr
 * He belived that things traveling at high speeds would slow down in a relative sence. jr
 * He first got a teaching degree in Switzerland. jr
 * Says that light from distant stars would be bent slightly towards the sun as they pass nearby. jr
 * In 1932, Einstein came to america to flee the Nazi's in Germany. jr
 * In 1939, he wrote a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt that launched the massive effort to build the atomic bomb. jr
 * After the bombs were dropped on Japan Einstein wrote, "I made one great mistake in my life--when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made, but there was some justification--the danger that the Germans would make them." jr
 * Einstein's letter to the president outlines the usage for uranium and nuclear reactions in new bombs. jr
 * He originally thought that these bombs were too heavy to be flown. jr
 * He would be most known for his moppy white hair and baggy sweaters. jr

"Albert Einstein," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008 [|http://encarta.msn.com] © 1997-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562147/Einstein_Albert.html.
 * Best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and for his bold hypothesis concerning the particle nature of light. jr
 * Best well known scientist of the 20th century. jr
 * Didn't talk untill age three. jr
 * At age 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry. jr
 * Received doctorate from the University of Zurich for a theoretical dissertation on the dimensions of molecules. jr
 * Published three theoretical papers that are of central importance to the development of 20th century physics. jr
 * 1st paper was on Brownian motion, made significant predictions about molecules randomly distributed in a liquid. jr
 * 2nd paper was on the photoelectric effect, proposed that light can be cosidered as consisting particles in some circumstances. jr
 * Energy carried from any light particle (photon) is proportional to the frequency of the radiation. jr
 * Formula is E=hv, energy of radiation is equal to the universal constant (Planck's constant) multiplied by the frequency of the radiation. jr
 * His prime concern was to understand the nature of electromagnetic radiation. jr
 * 3rd paper is on the electrodynamics of the moving body. jr
 * Contained the Theory of Relativity
 * Theory of relativity is the realization that all measurments of time and space depend on judgments as to wether two distant events occur simultaneously. jr
 * Led to theory based on two postulates. jr
 * 1-The principle of relativity, that physical laws are the same in all inertial reference systems. jr
 * 2- The principle of the invariance of light, that the speed of light in a vacume is constant. jr
 * Einstein's belief of the nature of good theories and the relationship between expiriment and theory made it difficult for others to understand. jr
 * Believed only source of knowledge is expirience. jr
 * A good theory is one that needs a minimum number of postulates is required to account for the physical evedence. jr
 * Einsteins work having a spareness amount of postulates made it hard for colleagues to comprehend. jr
 * His chief early patron was German physist Max Planck. jr
 * Remained at patent office for four years. jr
 * First academic appointment was in 1909 at Uneversity of Zunich. jr
 * Appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for physics in Berlin. jr
 * Even before 1907 he started working on extending and generalizing the theory of relativity to all coordinate syatems. jr
 * Full general theory of relativity wasn't published until 1916. jr
 * He accounted for the previously unexplained variations in the orbital motion of the planets and predicted the bending of starlight in the vicinity of a massive body such as the sun. jr
 * Confirmation of this latter phenomenon during a solar eclipse in 1919 made Einstein's fame spread worldwide. jr
 * His last effort was the unified field theory. jr
 * This was an attempt to understand all physical interactions interactions- including elactromagnetic interactions and weak and strong interactions. jr
 * Between 1915 and 1930 the mainstream of physics was the Quantum Theory. jr
 * The quantum theory was the new conception of the fundamental character of matter. jr
 * This contained the feature of wave-particle duality as well as the uncertainty principle. jr
 * This principle states that precision in measuring processes is limited. jr
 * He won the Nobel prize in physics in 1921. jr

"Einstein, Albert." __Infoplease: Encyclopedia, Almanac, Atlas, Biographies, Dictionary, Thesaurus. Free online reference, research & homework help. — Infoplease.com__. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 03 Feb. 2009 .
 * Recognized as one of the greatest physicists of all time. jr
 * He had won international fame and was invited by the Prussian Academy of Sciences to come to Berlin as titular professor of physics and as director of theoretical physics at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute by 1913. jr
 * He was long active in the cause for world peace. jr
 * He asserted the equivalence of gravitation and inertia in 1911. jr
 * Also known for his contributions to the development of the quantum theory. jr
 * Developed the quantum theory of specific heat. jr
 * His writings include //Relativity: The Special and General Theory// (1918), //About Zionism// (1930), //The World as I See It// (1934), //Out of my Later Years// (1950), //Ideas and Opinions// (1954), and //Einstein on Peace// (1960). jr

"Albert Einstein: Biography from Answers.com." __Answers.com - Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia and much more__. 03 Feb. 2009 .
 * Became the most famous scientist of the 20th century. jr
 * His studies had a profound impact on everything from the atomic bomb, nuclear power, and the quantum theory. jr
 * He was nationally renowned by 1920. jr
 * His contributions began with three major results: jr
 * 1- The explanation of the Brownian Theory in terms of molecules. jr
 * 2- The explanation of the Photoelectric Effect in terms of the quantum. jr
 * 3- The special theory of Relativity which connects time to space and energy to matter. jr
 * 1907 - 1915 he developed general relativity. jr
 * This is a theory of gravity more accurate than Newton's. jr
 * This became the basis of theoretical cosmology. jr
 * Contributed to the theoretical basis for what is sometimes called teleportation of photons. jr
 * Last major effort was to unite electromagnetism and gravity into a single, unified field theory. jr
 * Thermodynamics made the deepest impression on him. jr
 * 1902-1904 he reworked on the foundations of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. jr
 * This immediately formed the background of his revolutionary papers of 1905, one of which was on Brownian motion. jr
 * Einstein's famous equation for the photoelectric effect was an extremely bold prediction in 1905. jr
 * Proved that Planck's radiation law of 1900 demands the coexistence of particles and waves in blackbody radiation, a proof that represents the birth of the wave-particle duality. jr