Civil+Rights+movement+in+the+1960’s

Barton, David. "The History of Black Voting Rights [Great Read!]." //Latest Articles//. 5 Feb. 2004. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. .
 * Zack Lazo
 * Sydney Swaim
 * Chase Heffner
 * 1)  on February first in 1960, 4 black students sat at the lunch counter at Woolworth’s.
 * 2)  They didn’t get service, but stayed at the counter
 * 3)  In April, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded.
 * 4)  Over the spring and summer of 1961, blacks began riding buses (even though that was against the law)
 * 5)  The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and SNCC worked together to help get people on the bus.
 * 6)  on the first day of October, 1962, James Meredith became the first black student to enroll at theUniversity ofMississippi.
 * 7)  Violence and riots surrounding the incident cause President Kennedy to send 5,000 federal troops.
 * 8)  on April 16, 1963 Martin Luther King is arrested and jailed during anti-segregation protests
 * 9)  On august 28, 1963, 200,000 people joined the march onWashington
 * 10)  This is where MLK gave his ‘I have a dream’ speech.
 * 11)  On January 23, 1964, the 24th amendment is made.
 * 12)  President Johnson signs the Civil rights act of 1964 on July 2nd, 1964
 * 13)  This act prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin.
 * 14)  on February 21, 1965, Malcom X, a black nationalist and founder of the Organization of Afro-American Unity, is shot and murdered.
 * 15)  August 10th, 1965, Congress passes the Voting Rights Act of 1965, making it easier for Southern blacks to register to vote. Literacy tests, poll taxes, and other such requirements that were used to restrict black voting are made illegal.
 * 16)  Since the civil rights laws probably wouldn't be a complete solution, President Johnson issues Executive Order 11246, which enforces affirmative action for the first time on September 24th, 1965
 * 17)  In October, 1966, the Black Panthers were made
 * 18)  Its objective was equality in education, housing, employment and civil rights.
 * 19)  James Earl Ray kills MLK on April 4, 1968, when King steps out of his hotel room
 * 20)  President Johnson makes another civil rights act, (Civil Rights act of 1968) and signs and enforces it on April 11, 1968
 * 1)  Democracy truly began in 1965 when the 1965 Voting Act allowed everyone to vote
 * 2)  The Ku Klux Klan still had attacks in the 60's, even though it began over 100 years before hand
 * 3)  Many KKK members were Democrats
 * 4)  It is clear that many southern Democrats despised blacks and Republicans and used every possible means to keep them from power
 * 5)  They didn't get along even in congress because of what they thought of blacks
 * 6)  a few Democratic leaders began to oppose their own party’s policies against black
 * 7)  Democratic President John F. Kennedy proposed a strong civil rights bill.
 * 8)  His bill stopped once he was assassinated
 * 9)  There were many riots that took place in Birmingham
 * 10)  In 1964, the 24th Amendment was added to the Constitution, abolishing the poll tax
 * 11)  Also in 1964, President Johnson picked up Kennedy's bill
 * 12)  He couldn't get the democrats in congress to vote for it
 * 13)  he needed 269 democrat votes to have it passed
 * 14)  He got 198 of the 315 Democrats in Congress. so not enough
 * 15)  The 1965 Voting Rights Act banned literacy tests
 * 16)  This opened up many opportunities for blacks
 * 17)  As a result of this act, the number of blacks serving in federal and State legislatures rose from 2 in 1965 to 160 in 1990
 * 18)  Within a year of the Act, 450,000 new southern blacks successfully registered to vote
 * 19)  97 percent of Republican Senators voted for the Act
 * 20)  When it was finally approved under Johnson, of the 18 Senators who opposed the Voting Rights Act, 17 were Democrat

Pillai, Prabhakar. "1960s Civil Rights Movement in America." //Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web//. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. [] February, Late. "Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Timeline." // Civil Rights Movement Veterans - CORE, NAACP, SCLC, SNCC //. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. [|http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963northwood] "Civil Rights Movement - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum." //John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum//. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. []
 * 1)  Blacks faced discrimination almost completely all around the US
 * 2)  Blacks faced discrimination almost completely all around the US
 * 3)  In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in // Brown v. Board of Education // that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
 * 4)  This was the start of something that would go on for over 15 more years
 * 5)  In the beginning of the 60's, less than 10 percent of black children in the South were attending integrated schools.
 * 6)  Martin Luther King, Jr., later led a boycott that ended segregated busing in Montgomery, Alabama
 * 7)  More than 50 students had volunteered to continue the sit-in at the lunch counter
 * 8)  Roughly 50,000 young people joined the protests that year.
 * 9)  In 1960, John Kennedy phoned Coretta Scott King to express his concern of the situation of riots and protests.
 * 10)  African Americans had high expectations for the new administration with President Kennedy in 1961.
 * 11)  Many African Americans didn't hesitate to ask Kennedy about changing laws and establishing rights for them.
 * 12)  In 1962, James H. Meredith, Jr., tried applying to college The University of Mississippi.
 * 13)  He was denied 4 times.
 * 14)  Two people died and dozens were injured when police tried to escort Meredith into the college.
 * 15)  President Kennedy mobilized the National Guard and sent federal troops to the campus
 * 16)  Meredith registered the next day and segregation ended at the University of Mississippi.
 * 17)  In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth launched a campaign of mass protests in Birmingham, Alabama.
 * 18)  Governor George Wallace had vowed at his inauguration to defend "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever."
 * 19)  But in June, 1963, 2 black students were let into The University Of Alabama, escorted with a bunch of police
 * 20)  In August 1963, more than 200,000 Americans of all races celebrated the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation
 * 21)  This was at The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
 * 22)  A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, Bayard Rustin, and Whitney Young were key civil rights figures at the March.
 * 23)  the comprehensive civil rights bill cleared several hurdles in Congress and won the endorsement of House and Senate Republican leaders in the fall of 1963.
 * 24)  Lyndon B. Johnson had served more than two decades in Congress as a congressman and senator from Texas.
 * 25)  So he knew how congress worked and figured out how to settle the problems in America with Civil Rights and discrimination.
 * 26)  He had many provisions of the legislation
 * 27)  First was protecting African Americans against discrimination in voter qualification tests
 * 28)  second was outlawing discrimination in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce
 * 29)  third was authorizing the U.S. Attorney General's Office to file legal suits to enforce desegregation in public schools
 * 30)  fourth was authorizing the withdrawal of federal funds from programs practicing discrimination
 * 31)  and lastly, outlawing discrimination in employment in any business exceeding 25 people and creating an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to review complaint
 * 1)  black people wouldn’t get served at counters unless they stood because the counters were reserved for white people
 * 2)  students held sit-ins
 * 3)  the black protestors organized the SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
 * 4)  many SNCC members joined forces with CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality)
 * 5)  CORE was founded in Chicago in the 1940’s
 * 6)  CORE organized the Freedom Rides of 1961
 * 7)  freedom riders were arrested, beaten, and had their buses burned down for testing the court decision to stop segregation of interstate transportation terminals
 * 8)  During 1961-1962, Martin Luther King Jr. led a protest campaign in Albany, Georgia called the Albany Movement
 * 9)  in 1962, Cesar Chavez organized a migrant farmer work strike in California in order to bring improvements in working conditions and low pay for Hispanic farm workers
 * 10)  in 1964, president Lyndon Johnson signed a bill to prohibit discrimination in public schools
 * 11)  In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech” to hundreds of thousands of peaceful demonstrators in Washington DC.
 * 12)  MLK Jr. was awarded a Noble Peace Prize in 1964
 * 13)  in 1965, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person and was arrested
 * 14)  The Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned discrimination for the rental or sale of a house
 * 15)  Racial Separation on the buses in Montgomery was made illegal after MLK Jr. organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott
 * 16)  MLK Jr. was assassinated in 1968
 * 17)  the movement opened up new economic, social and political opportunities to blacks
 * 18)  had a strong effect on the way people thought and acted
 * 19)  blacks in more than 100 cities rioted
 * 20)  it was sufficient and eventful
 * 21)  era marked by protests against the Vietnam War and passing of advanced civil rights law
 * 22)  the purpose of the civil rights movement was for full equality for African Americans
 * 23)  JFK became president in 1961
 * 24)  blacks in the south were being denied the right to vote, barred from public facilities, subjected to insults and violence, and didn’t get justice from courts
 * 25)  in the north, there was discrimination against blacks in housing and employment
 * 26)  in 1954, the supreme court case // Brown v. Board of Education // was unanimously ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional
 * 1)  southern political leaders said that this violated the states rights to manage their system of education
 * 2)  in 1957, President Eisenhower enforced the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School in Alabama
 * 3)  roughly 50,000 young people joined the sit-ins in 1960
 * 4) more than 70% of blacks voted for John Kennedy
 * 5) blacks had high expectations for the new administration
 * 6) Kennedy appointed African Americans to high-level positions in the administration, thus strengthening the civil rights commission
 * 7) in May 1961, CORE started the freedom riders
 * 8) the freedom riders were arrested and beaten
 * 9) in 1962 James Meredith, a black veteran from the air force, was denied admission to the University of Mississippi
 * 10) this was called the integration of “Ole Miss”
 * 11) ^ during this, riots broke out. Two people were killed and many were injured
 * 12) in 1963, MLK was arrested and spent a week in theBirminghamjail
 * 13) MLK sent a letter out while he was in there called “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
 * 14) black youths marched the streets rioting
 * 15) Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor used police dogs and high pressure fire hoses to stop it
 * 16) this violence was broadcasted across the nation and the world
 * 17) in august of 1963, Emancipation Proclamation
 * 18) civil rights bill didn’t clear until after JFK was assassinated on November 22, 1963
 * 19) president Lyndon Johnson made sure the Civil Rights Bill was passed by using his connections with the southern white congressional leaders as a way to honor President John Kennedy
 * 20) The provisions of the legislation included: Protecting African Americans against discrimination in voter qualification tests, Outlawing discrimination in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations, authorizing the U.S. Attorney General's Office to file legal suits to enforce desegregation in public schools, authorizing the withdrawal of federal funds from programs practicing discrimination , outlawing discrimination in employment in any business exceeding 25 people and creating an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to review complaints.
 * 21) over 20,000 demonstrators were arrested
 * 22) KKK killed at least 7 people
 * 23) after sam block was arrested for calling the burning of some SNCC buildings arsen, the KKK ambushed a SNCC car with guns
 * 24) on February 26, more than 200 blacks lined up at city hall to register to vote
 * 25) they were not allowed to register
 * 26) they stood their grounds so they had to take a literacy test
 * 27) few were denied
 * 28) the kennedy administration took no noticeable action
 * 29) SNCC/COFO established an office in greenwood
 * 30) on march 24, the Klan bombs the SNCC/COFO office in greenwood
 * 31) this did not stop the movement
 * 32) efforts not covered my national media
 * 33) segregated movie theaters
 * 34) main floor of theaters is limited to whites only
 * 35) the blacks had to sit in the “Jim Crow” balcony
 * 36) whites didn’t want a black male sitting next to their wives and daughters in a darkened movie theater
 * 37) northwood movie theater was located next to a black college
 * 38) the blacks tried to go against the white-only policy
 * 39) in February 1963 they held a picket outside with 50 students
 * 40) 25 students enter the theater and are denied buying tickets
 * 41) the students are arrested for trespassing
 * 42) close to 350 students were arrested
 * 43) the bail was as high as $600 which very few could pay
 * 44) after a week of intense action, the theater stopped the white only rule

Vox, Lisa. "Timeline of the Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1964." //African-American History//. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. .
 * 1) February first, four black students sit at an all white lunch counter
 * 2) they are denied service but the action started theGreensborosit-ins
 * 3) April 15, student non-violent coordinating committee holds its first meeting
 * 4) July 25GreensboroWoolworth desegregates lunch counter after 6 months of sit ins
 * 5) October 19, Martin Luther King Jr. joins in a sit in at a white’s only restaurant inside anAtlantadepartment store, Rich’s.
 * 6) he is arrested along with 51 other protesters, charged with trespassing
 * 7) he was already on probation for driving without validGeorgialicense
 * 8) DeKalb county judge sentences him to 4 months in prison
 * 9) John F. Kennedy calls kings wife while Robert Kennedy convinces judge to release king on bail
 * 10) Call convinces many African Americans to support democratic ticket.
 * 11) December 5, 7-2 decision in the //Boynton v. Virginia// case, ruling segregation on vehicles traveling between states unlawful it violates the Interstate Commerce Act
 * 12) May 4, freedom riders, 7 black and 6 white activists, leaveWashingtonD.C.for deep south
 * 13) Organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), to test //Boynton v. Virginia.//
 * 14) May 14, freedom riders attacked outsideAnniston,Alabamaand inBirmingham,Alabama
 * 15) mob threw firebomb onto bus first group was riding in
 * 16) Ku Klux Klan attacked second group after making arrangements with the police to allow them 15 minutes alone on the bus
 * 17) May 15, theBirminghamgroup is ready to continue trip but no bus will take them
 * 18) they fly toNew Orleansinstead
 * 19) May 17, young group of activists join 2 original freedom riders to complete trip
 * 20) they are placed under arrest inMontgomery,Alabama
 * 21) May 29, Kennedy announces he ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to enact stricter regulations and fines for buses and facilities that refuse to integrate
 * 22) November, activists participate in series of protests, marches and meetings inAlbany,Georgia. Known as theAlbanyMovement
 * 23) December, King comes toAlbanyto join protesters
 * 24) August 10, king announces that he is leavingAlbany.
 * 25) Albanymovement considered failure, king learns things to him be successful inBirmingham
 * 26) September 10, Supreme Court rules thatUniversityofMississippimust admit African-American students and veteran James Meredith
 * 27) September 26, governor ofMississippi, Ross Barnett, orders state troopers to prevent Meredith from enteringUniversityofMississippicampus
 * 28) September 30- October 1, riots over Meredith’s enrollment at theUniversityofMississippi
 * 29) October 1, Meredith becomes the first African-American student atUniversityofMississippi
 * 30) Kennedy ordersU.S.marshals toMississippito ensure his safety

"Reporting Civil Rights: Timeline 1942-1973: 1963." //Reporting Civil Rights - Presented by The Library of America//. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. .
 * 1) April 3, campaign against segregation inBirminghambegins with sit-ins
 * 2) April 12, King is arrested and writes his “Letters from Birmingham Jail,” Justifying disobedience to unjust laws
 * 3) April 20, King is released on bail
 * 4) May 2, marches by African-American high school students begin inBirmingham
 * 5) May 3, Public safety commissioner Eugene (Bull) Connor orders police dogs and fire hoses used on the marchers
 * 6) May2- May 7, police make more than 2400 arrests
 * 7) May 10, agreement reached establishes timetable for desegregation of downtown department stores, establishment of biracial civic committee, and the release of jailed protestors
 * 8) May 11, rioting breaks out after Klansmen set off 2 bombs inBirminghamdespite pleas to keep movement nonviolent
 * 9) June 11, Two African-American students register at theUniversityofAlabamaatTuscaloosa
 * 10) registered after confrontation outside administration building which Katzenbach orders Governor George Wallace to cease obstruction of the court order admitting the students
 * 11) June 11, Kennedy gives televised address which he calls racial discrimination “A moral crisis” and proposes passage of a new civil rights bill
 * 12) June 12, Mississippi NAACP leader, Medgar Evers, assassinated
 * 13) June 19, administration submits civil rights bill prohibiting racial discrimination in public accommodations
 * 14) August 28, more than 200,000 people attend march for jobs and freedoms
 * 15) August 28, Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream” speech
 * 16) September 15, Klansmen bomb church inBirmingham, killing Denise McNair, age 11, Cynthia Wesley, 14, Carole Robertson, 14, and Addie Mae Collins, 14
 * 17) November 22, President Kennedy is assassinated inDallas
 * 18) January 23, ratification of 24th amendment
 * 19) February 10, House passes civil rights bill
 * 20) March 11, Malcolm X resigns from Islam
 * 21) June 10, senate votes to further debate civil rights bill
 * 22) June 19, revised civil rights bill passed
 * 23) Freedom Summer volunteers arriving inMississippimid June to register voters, work in community centers, and teach in Freedom Schools
 * 24) June 21, civil rights workers Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, and James Chaney murdered by Klansmen
 * 25) June 28, Malcolm X announces formation of the Organization of Afro-Americans Unity
 * 26) July 2, house passes final version of civil rights bill
 * 27) Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party challenges seating of all-white regular Democrats at the Democratic national convention
 * 28) August 25, Credentials committee votes to seat regular Democrats while offering Freedom Democrats two at-large seats, but the Freedom Democrats reject offer
 * 29) October 14, King is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

"Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Timeline." //Civil Rights Movement Veterans - CORE, NAACP, SCLC, SNCC//. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. .
 * 1) November 3,Johnstonwins election
 * 2) February 25, some 40 students fromSouth CarolinaStateandClaflinCollegetry to sit-in at the Kress store in downtown Orangeburg
 * 3) lunch counter is closed and the stools removed to prevent Blacks from sitting at a "white-only" facility
 * 4) March 15, Charles "Chuck" McDew lead almost 1,000 students on a peaceful march downtown to protest segregation and support the sit-ins
 * 5) cops attack them with clubs and tear-gas and the fire department knocks them off their feet with freezing water from high-pressure hoses
 * 6) Almost 400 of the marchers are forced into a police stockade in the largest Freedom Movement mass arrest up to that time
 * 7) convicted of "Breach of the Peace," but the U.S. Supreme Court overturns the convictions two years later because their side-walk march was a peaceful, orderly petition for redress of grievances within the protection of the 1st Amendment
 * 8) many of the main student leaders leave campus to devote their full energies to the Freedom Movement
 * 9) Tom Gaither becomes a CORE field secretary and Chuck McDew becomes the second Chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
 * 10) June, students are arrested for sitting in at Hooper's Restaurant
 * 11) convicted of trespass, their case is appealed by Thurgood Marshall and Juanita Jackson Mitchell of the NAACP