Jim+Crow+Laws

=Amaru's Notes:=
 * "Martin Luther King Jr National Historic Site - Jim_Crow_Laws (U.S. National Park Service)." //U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. .**


 * 1) From the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws
 * 2) many states could impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race
 * 3) The most common types of laws forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners and public institutions to keep their black and white clientele separated
 * 4) No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in which negro men are placed
 * 5) l passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.
 * 6) The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car
 * 7) It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards
 * 8) The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately
 * 9) It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Georgia
 * 10) The baths and lockers for the negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same building. //Oklahoma//
 * 11) Any white person of such county may use the county free library under the rules and regulations prescribed by the commissioners court and may be entitled to all the privileges thereof. Said court shall make proper provision for the negroes of said county to be served through a separate branch or branches of the county free library
 * 12) Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
 * 13) All persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine...shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time. // Georgia //
 * 14) The board of trustees shall...maintain a separate building...on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race. // Louisiana //
 * 15) The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts. Mississippi
 * 16) Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other descent. // New Mexico //
 * 17) Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. // North Carolina // \\
 * 18) The white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization.No organization of colored troops shall be permitted where white troops are available, and while white permitted to be organized, colored troops shall be under the command of white officers. // North Carolina //
 * 19) It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a negro. // South Carolina //
 * 20) All marriages of white persons with Negroes, Mulattos, Mongolians, or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void. // Wyoming //
 * "Jim Crow Laws - Separate Is Not Equal." //National Museum of American History//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. .**


 * 1) “It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers.—Birmingham, Alabama, 1930
 * 2) “Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school." —Missouri, 1929
 * 3) “All railroads carrying passengers in the state (other than street railroads) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by a partition, so as to secure separate accommodations.”—Tennessee, 1891
 * 4) The Ku Klux Klan was founded inPulaski,Tennessee, in 1866 to combat Reconstruction reforms and intimidate African Americans.
 * 5) By the mid-1920s the Klan was again a powerful political force in both the South and the North, spreading hatred against African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews.
 * 6) Demonstrating their political power, Klansmen triumphantly parade downPennsylvania AvenueinWashington,D.C., on September 13, 1926, in full regalia.
 * 7) Race and white privilege have long been central issues in American politics. At the Democratic presidential convention in 1948, southern delegates broke with the party over civil rights and formed the State’s Rights Party.
 * 8) This ballot is from the race for governor ofOhioin 1867. Allen Granbery Thurman’s campaign included the promise of barring black citizens from voting.
 * 9) African Americans turned to the courts to help protect their constitutional rights. But the courts challenged earlier civil rights legislation and handed down a series of decisions that permitted states to segregate people of color.
 * 10) In the pivotal case of //Plessy v. Ferguson//in 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially separate facilities, if equal, did not violate the Constitution.
 * 11) The members of the United States Supreme Court, 1896-97. Under Chief Justice Melville Fuller, the Court established the separate-but-equal rule.
 * 12) In 1890 a newLouisianalaw required railroads to provide “equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored, races.” Outraged, the black community inNew Orleansdecided to test the rule.
 * 13) On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy agreed to be arrested for refusing to move from a seat reserved for whites.
 * 14) Before the 1860s most of the South had only a rudimentary public school system.
 * 15) Southern states ultimately created a dual educational system based on race. These separate schools were anything but equal.
 * 16) The Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 to aid formerly enslaved African Americans.
 * 17) It was founded in 1862, following the Union occupation of the area.
 * 18) To meet the enormous desire for education among African Americans, northern charities helped black communities start thousands of new schools in the South.
 * 19) Even in the poorest rural areas, black men and women held fundraisers, donated land, and built schools with their own hands.
 * 20) Missionary schools continued to provide education well into the 20th century.
 * 21) the commitment of African American teachers and parents to education never faltered.
 * 22) They established a tradition of educational self-help and were among the first southerners to campaign for universal public education.
 * 23) Across the country, parents and community leaders fought a long struggle against school segregation.
 * 24) In the 1840s Benjamin Roberts of Boston began a legal campaign to enroll his five-year-old daughter, Sarah, in a nearby school for whites.
 * 25) Black parents in Boston, however, refused to accept defeat. They organized a school boycott and statewide protests.
 * 26) Robert Morris was one of the country’s first African American attorneys, and Charles Sumner was a leading abolitionist lawyer.
 * 27) In 1884 Joseph and Mary Tape attempted to enroll their daughter Mamie at Spring Valley School in San Francisco.
 * 28) After the decision, the state legislature quickly passed a law allowing schools to establish separate facilities for “Mongolians.”
 * 29) By law, school districts in California segregated American Indian and Asian children.
 * 30) Judge Paul J. McCormick ruled in favor of the parents, and appellate courts upheld his decision.


 * "What Was Jim Crow?" //Ferris State University: Michigan College Campuses in Big Rapids MI, Grand Rapids MI, Off Campus Locations Across Michigan//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. .**


 * 1) Jim Crow was the name of the racial caste system which operated primarily
 * 2) Exclusively in southern and border states, between 1877 and the mid-1960s.
 * 3) Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-Black laws. It was a way of life.
 * 4) Whites were superior to Blacks in all important ways.
 * 5) A Black male could not offer his hand with a White male because it implied being socially equal.
 * 6) A Black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape.
 * 7) Whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them.
 * 8) Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a White female
 * 9) Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public
 * 10) Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to Blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs.,Miss., Sir, or Ma'am.
 * 11) Blacks were called by their first names
 * 12) If a Black person rode in a car driven by a White person, the Black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck.
 * 13) White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.
 * 14) Never assert or even intimate that a White person is lying.
 * 15) Never laugh derisively at a White person.
 * 16) Never suggest that a White person is from an inferior class.
 * 17) Never comment upon the appearance of a White female.
 * 18) Never lay claim to, or overly demonstrate, superior knowledge or intelligence.
 * 19) Never impute dishonorable intentions to a White person.
 * 20) In 1890,Louisianapassed the "Separate Car Law," which purported to aid passenger comfort by creating "equal but separate" cars for Blacks and Whites.

=Anthony's Notes:= NOTES 5-19 ARE EXACTLY TYPE FOR THEY ARE THE REAL JIM CROW LAWS.
 * //The History of Jim Crow//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. **
 * 1) The term Jim Crow, this essay focuses on the time period beginning with the post Reconstruction period through the late 1890s and the legalization of segregation.
 * 2) African Americans made accommodations, both personal and on a nationwide scale, within a system that discounted them.
 * 3) This section offers a multi-perspective look at the ways in which African Americans resisted the confines of the system.
 * 4) The Kansas Exodus and Great Migration offered the hope of equality to thousands of African Americans
 * 5) No colored barber shall serve as a barber for white women or girls.
 * 6) The officer in charge shall not allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons
 * 7) All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant, shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the same license
 * 8) All persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine...shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time.
 * 9) The children of white and colored races committed to the houses of reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other
 * 10) All circuses, shows, and tent exhibitions, to which the attendance of...more than one race is invited or expected to attend shall provide for the convenience of its patrons not less than two ticket offices with individual ticket sellers, and not less than two entrances to the said performance, with individual ticket takers and receivers, and in the case of outside or tent performances, the said ticket offices shall not be less than twenty-five (25) feet apart.
 * 11) Any person...who shall rent any part of any such building to a negro person or a negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a negro person or negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25.00) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars or be imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court
 * 12) The board of trustees shall...maintain a separate building...on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race
 * 13) Separate schools shall be maintained for the children of the white and colored races
 * 14) The marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto or person who shall have one-eighth or more of negro blood, shall be unlawful and void.
 * 15) Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school
 * 16) Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them.
 * 17) The...Utilities Commission...is empowered and directed to require the establishment of separate waiting rooms at all stations for the white and colored races
 * 18) Separate rooms be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other descent
 * 19) The baths and lockers for the negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same building.
 * "Jim Crow Laws - Separate Is Not Equal." //National Museum of American History//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/jim-crow.html>.**
 * 1) Marriages are not allowed when one party is a white person and the other is possessed of one-eighth or more negro, Japanese, or Chinese blood
 * 2) Separate free schools will be established for the education of children of African descent and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school or any white child to attend a colored school
 * 3) All railroads carrying passengers in the state shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races, by providing two or more passenger cars for each passenger train, or by dividing the cars by a partition, so as to secure separate accommodations
 * 4) Restrictive signs sprang up across the southern and western landscape
 * 5) No person of any other race beside white caucasian race shall not own, use or occupy any building or lot... different race domiciled with owner or tenant.
 * 6) The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866
 * 7) combat Reconstruction reforms and intimidate African Americans
 * 8) By 1870 similar organizations such as the Knights of the White Camelia
 * 9) By 1870 similar organizations such as the White Brotherhood
 * 10) Fear, brutality, and murder, these terrorist groups helped to overthrow local reform-minded governments and restore white supremacy
 * 11) By the mid-1920s the Klan was again a powerful political force in both the South and the North
 * 12) Hatred against African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews.
 * 13) The Klan had inflamed racial hatred and strengthened the political power of white supremacists in many parts of the country.
 * 14) Ballot—No Negro Equality
 * 15) The fight over civil rights was never just a southern issue
 * 16) This ballot is from the race for governor of Ohio in 1867.
 * 17) Allen Granbery Thurman’s campaign included the promise of barring black citizens from voting.
 * 18) Southern delegates broke with the party over civil rights and formed the State’s Rights Party.
 * 19) African Americans turned to the courts to help protect their constitutional rights
 * 20) The courts challenged earlier civil rights legislation and handed down a series of decisions that permitted states to segregate people of color.
 * 21) Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially separate facilities, if equal, did not violate the Constitution. Segregation, the Court said, was not discrimination.
 * 22) In 1890 a new Louisiana law required railroads to provide “equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored, races.
 * 23) On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy agreed to be arrested for refusing to move from a seat reserved for whites.
 * 24) On May 18, 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court, with only one dissenting vote, ruled that segregation in America was constitutional.
 * 25) After the Civil war many African Americans thought they would be treated the same but some white Americans welcomed them, others used people’s ignorance, racism, and self-interest to sustain and spread racial divisions
 * 26) By 1900, new laws and old customs in the North and the South had created a segregated society that condemned Americans of color to second-class citizenship.
 * 27) Denied public educational resources, people of color strengthened their own schools and communities and fought for the resources that had been unjustly denied to their children
 * 28) Millions of others were excluded because of their race or ethnicity
 * 29) Segregated education was designed to confine these children to a subservient role in society and second-class citizenship.
 * 30) After the Civil War, southern states ultimately created a dual educational system based on race.
 * 31) Black communities, many desperately poor, also dug deep into their own resources to build and maintain schools that met their needs and reflected their values.
 * 32) The Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 to aid formerly enslaved African Americans
 * 33) Tuskegee University despite the burdens of segregation and racism, some high schools and colleges for black students provided educational opportunities that rivaled those offered to white students
 * 34) Separate public schools were often created for Asian, Latino, and Native American children
 * 35) Where there were not enough children of a single racial group to form their own school, they were usually required to attend black institutions.
 * 36) The Massachusetts Supreme Court ultimately ruled that local elected officials had the authority to control local schools and that separate schools did not violate black students rights
 * 37) Roberts v. City of Boston(above)
 * 38) They organized a school boycott and statewide protests. In 1855 the Massachusetts legislature passed the country’s first law prohibiting school segregation.
 * 39) Robert Morris was one of the country’s first African American attorneys, and Charles Sumner was a leading abolitionist lawyer
 * 40) The two attorney tried to end segerations in American
 * 41) These arguments started the Brown vs Board of Education case more then 100 years ago


 * "Examples of Jim Crow Laws." //Autoredirect to Main Site//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. <http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/jcrow02.htm>.**
 * 1) No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed. //Alabama//
 * 2) All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races. //Alabama//
 * 3) The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs. //Alabama//
 * 4) It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. //Alabama//
 * 5) It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. //Alabama//
 * 6) Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities. //Alabama//
 * 7) The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void. //Arizona//
 * 8) Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. //Florida//
 * 9) The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. //Florida//
 * 10) The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together. //Georgia//

Davids Notes
 * 1. Maryland fully supported segregation passing 15 such laws between 1870 and 1957**


 * 2. In 1870** **Taxes paid by colored people were set aside for maintaining schools for colored children.**
 * 3. In** ** 1904 **** All railroad companies required to provide separate cars or coaches for white and colored passengers. Companies that failed to comply could be fined between $300 and $1,000. Passengers who refused to take their assigned seat could be charged with a misdemeanor and fined between $5 and $50, or imprisoned in jail for 30 days, or both. Conductors who failed to carry out the law could be charged with a misdemeanor and fined between $25 and $50. **
 * 4. In 1872** **Schools were established for colored children. No colored school could be established in a district unless the colored population warrants.**


 * 5. In 1884: **** Prohibited all marriages between white persons and Negroes and persons of Negro descent to third generation inclusive. Ministers who performed such ceremonies were to be fined $100. **


 * 6. Persons found guilty of violating the 1884 miscegenation law were subject to imprisonment in the penitentiary between 18 months to ten years.**
 * 7.** ** 1904: **** Steamboats [Statute]White and colored passengers to be assigned to separate areas of a steamboat. Penalty: Company officers who failed to enforce the law could be charged with a misdemeanor, and fined between $25 and $50. Passengers who refused to sit where assigned were liable for misdemeanor and could be fined between $5 and $50. **
 * 8.** ** 1908: **** Steamboats [Statute]Steamboats operating on the Chesapeake Bay required to provide separate toilet or retiring rooms, and separate sleeping cabins for white and black passengers. Penalty: $50 for each day's violation. **
 * 9. 1908: **** Streetcars [Statute]Streetcars required to designate separate seats for white and colored passengers. Penalty: Passengers who refused to comply with law guilty of a misdemeanor, and could be fined up to $50, or imprisoned in jail for 30 days, or both. Conductors who refused to enforce the act were guilty of a misdemeanor, and could be fined up to $20. **
 * 10.** ** 1924: **** Education [State Code]Required racially segregated schools. **
 * 11.** ** 1924: **** Miscegenation [State Code]Miscegenation declared a felony. **
 * 12.** ** 1935: **** Miscegenation [Statute]Miscegenation between persons of the Caucasian and Malay races prohibited. **
 * 13. 1951: **** Education [State Code]Duty of County Board of Education to establish free public schools for all colored children between the ages of six and twenty years. **
 * 14. 1951: **** Barred public accommodation segregation [Statute]Repealed public accommodation segregation laws. **
 * 15. 1955: **** Miscegenation [Statute]Any white woman who delivered a child conceived with a Negro or mulatto would be sentenced to the penitentiary for 18 months to five years. **
 * 16. 1957: **** Miscegenation [State Code]Crime for white woman to bear a black man's child. Law held unconstitutional later that year in State v. Howard. **
 * 17. 1957 Jim Crow laws **** Prohibited marriage between whites and Negroes or Asians, the Penalty was 18 months to 10 years imprisonment. **
 * 18. 1957 **** they Required race to be disclosed on petition for adoption. **
 * 19. In 1967 **** the anti colors marrying law was Repealed **


 * 20. Jim Crow laws were active until the civil rights movement.**

Some examples of laws are… 1. white female nurses cant nurse in rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed.
 * Citation :"Maryland Jim Crow." //The History of Jim Crow//. Web. 20 Oct. 2011. []. **
 * sOURCE 2**

2. All passenger stations operated by any bus company must have separate waiting areas and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races.

3. The conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs.

4. It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment.

5. Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities. 6. The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void.

7. All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.

8. Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars

9. The schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately.

10. No colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls.

11. It shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void.

12. The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together.

13. The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons.


 * 1) All persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine...shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time.
 * 2) The board of trustees shall...maintain a separate building...on separate ground for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the colored or black race.
 * 3) The warden shall see that the white convicts shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts.
 * 4) Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them
 * 5) The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals.
 * 6) The baths and lockers for the negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same building.
 * 7) Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received

Citation : "Examples of Jim Crow Laws." //Autoredirect to Main Site//. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. [].

Source 3 African American resistance to jim crow

Many people resisted white supremacy in the South during the Jim Crow era It is impossible to know how many of the African Americans lynched by white mobs were men and women who had challenged Jim Crow by some overt act of defiance, Such as walking proudly down the street or talking back to whites Most of the victims the lynch mobs were murdered Usually the victims were successful blacks who had aroused the hatred of whites There were many innocent victims of Jim Crow America. white rage frequently focused on individuals who had crossed the boundaries 45 percent of the men and women lynched by white mobs were accused of killing or assaulting a white person. This cultural defiance manifested itself in African-American musical forms, such as ragtime, the rural-based blues, black gospel music, and urban-based jazz blacks expressed themselves musically in their church spirituals and hymns Blacks also found great pride and a sense of collective, non-political action in the achievements of black sports figures People were proud of black entertainers and performing artists Because black men could neither vote nor speak their minds without being lynched, the resistance of black Americans to Jim Crow operated largely outside the political arena 15. there were many forms of black resistance during the Jim crow era

// The History of Jim Crow //. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. [].

Source 4 Creation of jim crow laws

The term Jim Crow originated in a song performed by Daddy Rice Rice covered his face with charcoal paste or burnt cork to resemble a black man they dont know how it became a racial term The emergence of segregation in the south actually began immediately after the Civil War blacks established their own churches and schools separate from whites the blacks made their own society the kkk was formed when whites felt they were losing power in the south segregation was first imposed on buses and trains Blacks were required to sit in a special car even if they had bought first-class tickets laws banning interracial marriages were called mycenogation myscenogation was the thought that blacks were so inferior to whites that any mixing of the two threatened the very survival of the superior white race black resistance to segregation was difficult because the system of land tenancy, this was called sharecropping 15 there were many race riots in the south

Citation: //The History of Jim Crow//. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. <http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/creating.htm>.