20th+Century+racism+in+the+deep+south

Ku Klux Klan- jessica gabriel
 * 1) The first branch of the Ku Klux Klan was established in Pulaski, Tennessee, in May, 1866.
 * 2) Most of the leaders were former members of the Confederate Army
 * 3) Klansmen wearing masks, white cardboard hats and draped in white sheets, tortured and killed black Americans and sympathetic whites.
 * 4) Between 1868 and 1870 the Ku Klux Klan played an important role in restoring white rule in North Carolina, Tennessee and Georgia. \
 * 5) main goal was to stop black people from voting
 * 6) After white governments had been established in the South the Ku Klux Klan continued to undermine the power of blacks.
 * 7) Successful black businessmen were attacked
 * 8) Radical Republicans in Congress such as Benjamin Butler urged President Ulysses S. Grant to take action against the Ku Klux Klan.
 * 9) Congress passed the Ku Klux Act and it became law on 20th April, 1871
 * 10) This gave the president the power to intervene in troubled states with the authority to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in countries where disturbances occurred.
 * 11) The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) became the main opponent of the Ku Klux Klan.
 * 12) To show that the members of the organization would not be intimidated, it held its 1920 annual conference in Atlanta
 * 13) Considered at the time to be one of the most active Ku Klux Klan areas in America.
 * 14) In November 1922 Hiram W. Evans became the Klan's Imperial Wizard. Under his leadership the organization grew rapidly and in the 1920s Klansmen were elected to positions of political power. This included state officials in Texas, Oklahoma, Indiana, Oregon and Maine.
 * 15) By 1925 membership reached 4,000,000.
 * 16) Even on the rare occasions they were arrested for serious crimes, Klansmen were unlikely to be convicted by local Southern juries.
 * 17) After the conviction of the Klan leader, David C. Stephenson, for second-degree murder, and evidence of corruption by other members such as the governor of Indiana and the mayor of Indianapolis, membership fell to around 30,000.
 * 18) This trend continued during the Great Depression and the Second World War and in 1944 the organization. was disbanded.
 * 19) In the 1950s the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement resulted in a revival in Ku Klux Klan organizations.
 * 20) The most of important of these was the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan led by Robert Shelton.
 * 21) In the Deep South considerable pressure was put on blacks by klansmen not to vote.
 * 22) By 1960, 42% of the population were black but only 2% were registered to vote.
 * 23) In 1964 the NAACP, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organized its Freedom Summer campaign.
 * 24) Volunteers from the three organizations decided to concentrate its efforts in Mississippi.
 * 25) The three organizations established 30 Freedom Schools in towns throughout Mississippi.
 * 26) Volunteers taught in the schools and the curriculum now included black history, the philosophy of the civil rights movement.
 * 27) During the summer of 1964 over 3,000 students attended these schools and the experiment provided a model for future educational programs such as Head Start.
 * 28) In 1981 the trial of Josephus Andersonan, an African American charged with the murder of a white policeman, took place in Mobile. At the end of the case the jury was unable to reach a verdict.
 * 29) This upset members of the local Ku Klux Klan who believed that the reason for this was that some members of the jury were African Americans.
 * 30) After a long-drawn out legal struggle, Henry Hayes was executed on 6th June, 1997. It was the first time a white man had been executed for a crime against an African American since 1913.

"Ku Klux Klan." //Spartacus Educational//. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. [].

Jim Crow Laws- Jessica Gabriel > Woodrow Wilson, a Southern Democrat and the first Southern-born president of the post-Civil War period, appointed Southerners to his Cabinet.
 * 1) state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.
 * 2) They mandated //[|de jure]// racial segregation in all public facilities
 * 3) a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans
 * 4) In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.
 * 5) De jure mainly applied to the Southern United States.
 * 6) Northern segregation was generally de facto, from blacks predominately living in urban ghettos
 * 7) Some examples of Jim Crow laws are the segregation of public schools, public places and public transportation, and the segregation of restrooms, restaurants and drinking fountains for whites and blacks.
 * 8) The U.S. military was also segregated.
 * 9) These Jim Crow Laws were separate from the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which also restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
 * 10) State-sponsored school segregation was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education
 * 11) Generally, the remaining Jim Crow laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
 * 12) During the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal law provided civil rights protection in the U.S. South for "freedmen" – the African Americans who had formerly been slaves
 * 13) In the 1870s, conservative white Democrats gradually returned to power in the Southern states
 * 14) Blacks were still elected to local offices in the 1880s
 * 15) In the Jim Crow context, the presidential election of 1912 was steeply slanted against the interests of black Americans.
 * 16) Most blacks still lived in the South, where they had been effectively disenfranchised, so they could not vote at all.
 * 17) While poll taxes and literacy requirements banned many poor or illiterate Americans from voting'
 * 18) By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0.5 percent of eligible black men.
 * 1) Some quickly began to press for segregated work places, although Washington, D.C. and federal offices had been integrated since after the Civil War.
 * 2) In 1913, for instance, the Secretary of the TreasuryWilliam Gibbs McAdoo – an appointee of the President – was heard to express his opinion of black and white women working together in one government office: "I feel sure that this must go against the grain of the white women. Is there any reason why the white women should not have only white women working across from them on the machines?"
 * 3) Wilson introduced segregation in federal offices, despite much protest.
 * 4) He appointed segregationist Southern politicians because of his own firm belief that racial segregation was in the best interest of black and white Americans alike.
 * 5) The Civil Rights Act of 1875, introduced by Charles Sumner and Benjamin F. Butler, stipulated a guarantee that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same treatment in public accommodations, such as inns, public transportation, theaters, and other places of recreation.
 * 6) This Act had little impact.
 * 7) An 1883 Supreme Court decision ruled that the act was unconstitutional in some respects
 * 8) In 1890, Louisiana passed a law requiring separate accommodations for colored and white passengers on railroads.
 * 9) Louisiana law distinguished between "white," "black" and "colored" (that is, people of mixed white and black ancestry).
 * 10) The phrase "Jim Crow Law" first appeared in 1904 according to the Dictionary of American English, although there is some evidence of earlier usage.
 * 11) In the 1860s and early 1870s, many southern blacks actually preferred segregated schools
 * 12) For the vast majority of southern blacks, the terror of Jim Crow meant that they were forced to live "behind the veil," in the words of the black intellectual
 * 13) In that year, the Chicago Tribune first began to take systematic account of lynchings.
 * 14) Shortly thereafter, in 1892, Tuskegee Institute began to make a systematic collection and tabulation of lynching statistics.
 * 15) Beginning in 1912, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People kept an independent record of lynchings.
 * 16) In the decade immediately preceding World War I, a pattern of racial violence began to emerge in which white mob assaults were directed against entire Black communities.
 * 17) These race riots were the product of white society’s desire to maintain its superiority over Blacks, vent its frustrations in times of distress, and attack those least able to defend themselves.
 * 18) In these race riots, white mobs invaded Black neighborhoods.
 * 19) They beat and killed large numbers of Blacks and destroyed Black property.
 * 20) In most instances, Blacks fought back and there were many casualties on both sides, though most of the dead were Black.
 * 21) Gunnar Myrdal opposed the use of the term “riots” to describe these interracial conflicts.
 * 22) He preferred to call this phenomenon a terrorization or massacre, and considered it a magnified, or mass, lynching.

Davis, Ronald. The History of Jim Crow. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. .

segregation- gianfranco portuondo
 * 1) For more than 200 years before the Civil War, slavery existed in theUnited States.
 * 2) But after the war things began to get worse for blacks.
 * 3) The south thought they needed to do something.
 * 4) The Southern legislatures, former confederates, passed laws known as the black codes, after the war, which severely limited the rights of blacks and segregated them from whites.
 * 5) Before there was no need to separate whites and blacks because 95% of blacks were slaves.
 * 6) But they were separated at schools, theaters, taverns, and other public places.
 * 7) Congress quickly responded to these laws in 1866 and seized the initiative in remaking the south.
 * 8) Republicans wanted to ensure that with the remaking the south, freed blacks were made viable members of society.
 * 9) The strong southern legislatures finally gave in; in 1868 they repealed most of the laws that discriminated against blacks.
 * 10) By 1877 Democratic parties regained their power of the south and ended reconstruction.
 * 11) This was devastating to the blacks because all the strides they made were reversed.
 * 12) After holding political offices, having the right to vote, and participating as equal members of society, everything was changed.
 * 13) The south gradually reinstated the racially discriminatory laws.
 * 14) The two main goals they wanted these laws to achieve were disenfranchisement and segregation.
 * 15) To take away the power that the blacks had gained, the Democratic Party began to stop Blacks from voting.
 * 16) To stop blacks from voting, poll taxes and fees were charged at voting booths and were expensive for most blacks.
 * 17) Since teaching blacks was illegal, most adult blacks were former slaves and illiterate.
 * 18) The other goal, segregation, caused the democrats to create laws that segregated the schools and public facilities.
 * 19) In the civil rights case of 1883 the Supreme Court declared that congress had no power to prevent private acts of discrimination.
 * 20) Segregation was supported by the legal system and police.
 * 21) But beyond the law there was always a threat by terrorist violence.
 * 22) The Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camellia, and other terrorists murdered thousands of blacks and some whites to prevent them from voting and participating in public life.
 * 23) Segregation was made difficult because of violence and the power of state governments.
 * 24) Blacks tried to fight segregation in many ways like at the ballot boxes, in the courtrooms, and through organizations like the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People.
 * 25) After the Civil Rights Act of 1883, blacks held meetings.
 * 26) Frederick Douglas gave speeches at large protest.
 * 27) He made groups like Brotherhood of Liberty to plan legal and political action against segregation.
 * 28) Blacks loyally voted for republicans until the 1920’s.
 * 29) The Republican presidents awarded them with small amounts of patronage.
 * 30) Some Republicans remained loyal supporters of civil rights for blacks.

"Segregation." //Kaw Valley Online | USD 321//. Web. 25 Oct. 2011. .

lyching and race riots- gianfranco portuondo


 * 1) In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the lynching of Black people in the Southern and Border States became an institutionalized method.
 * 2) This was used by whites to terrorize Blacks and maintain white supremacy.
 * 3) In the South, during the period 1880 to 1940, there was deep-seated and all-pervading hatred and fear of the Negro.
 * 4) This led white mobs to turn to “lynch law” as a means of social control.
 * 5) Lynchings are open public murders of individuals suspected of crime conceived and carried out more or less spontaneously by a mob
 * 6) They seem to have been an American invention.
 * 7) In Lynch-Law, the first scholarly investigation of lynching, written in 1905, author James E. Cutler stated that “lynching is a criminal practice which is peculiar to the United States.”
 * 8) Most of the lynchings were by hanging or shooting, or both.
 * 9) However, many were of a more hideous nature—burning at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of physical torture.
 * 10) Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South.
 * 11) Many white people believed that Negroes could only be controlled by fear.
 * 12) To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control.
 * 13) Prior to 1882, no reliable statistics of lynchings were recorded.
 * 14) In that year, the Chicago Tribune first began to take systematic account of lynchings.
 * 15) Shortly thereafter, in 1892, Tuskegee Institute began to make a systematic collection and tabulation of lynching statistics.
 * 16) Beginning in 1912, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People kept an independent record of lynchings.
 * 17) In the decade immediately preceding World War I, a pattern of racial violence began to emerge in which white mob assaults were directed against entire Black communities.
 * 18) These race riots were the product of white society’s desire to maintain its superiority over Blacks, vent its frustrations in times of distress, and attack those least able to defend themselves.
 * 19) In these race riots, white mobs invaded Black neighborhoods.
 * 20) They beat and killed large numbers of Blacks and destroyed Black property.
 * 21) In most instances, Blacks fought back and there were many casualties on both sides, though most of the dead were Black.
 * 22) Gunnar Myrdal opposed the use of the term “riots” to describe these interracial conflicts.
 * 23) He preferred to call this phenomenon a terrorization or massacre, and considered it a magnified, or mass, lynching.
 * 24) Race riots occurred in both the North and South.
 * 25) Although lynchings were decreasing slightly by the turn of the century, race riots were perceptibly on the increase.
 * 26) Large-scale interracial violence became almost epidemic, as increasing numbers of Blacks migrated to Northern cities.
 * 27) The Black American community responded to white mob violence in several ways.
 * 28) Black people resisted this oppression.
 * 29) This resistance was expressed in three ways; retaliatory violence, Northward migration, and organized non-violent protest.
 * 30) Although retaliatory violence seemed unreasonable, and often led to more lynching and violence, Blacks frequently armed themselves and fought back in self-defense.

"79.02.04: The Negro Holocaust: Lynching and Race Riots in the United States,1880-1950." //Yale University//. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. [].


 * 1) Racism is the lowest, most crudely primitive form of collectivism.
 * 2) It is the notion of ascribing moral, social or political significance to a man's genetic lineage
 * 3) Modern racists attempt to prove the superiority or inferiority of a given race by the historical achievements of some of its members.
 * 4) Collectivism holds that the individual has no rights, that his life and work belong to the group
 * 5) The group may sacrifice him at its own whim to its own interests.
 * 6) The only way to implement a doctrine of that kind is by means of brute force and sadism has always been the political corollary of collectivism
 * 7) There is only one antidote to racism; the philosophy of individualism and its politico-economic corollary, laissez-faire capitalism.
 * 8) Individualism regards every man as an independent, sovereign entity who possesses an inalienable right to his own life, a right derived from his nature as a rational being.
 * 9) Individualism holds that a civilized society, or any form of association, cooperation or peaceful co-existence among men, can be achieved only on the basis of the recognition of individual rights
 * 10) A group, as such, has no rights other than the individual rights of its members.

"Racism." //FREEDOM KEYS//. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. [].

Jim Crow Laws - Jordan Nicholson []

1.Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-black laws.African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens. 2.Represented the legitimization of anti-Black racism. 3.Christian ministers and theologians taught the whites that they were the chosen people, blacks were cursed to be servants, and god supported racial segregation.
 * 1) Whites were superior to blacks in all important ways but not limited to intelligence, morality, and civilized behavior.
 * 2) Sexual Relationships between blacks and whites would produce a mongrel race which would destroy American
 * 3) There were 8 Jim Crow laws
 * 4) A Black Male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White male because it is implied being socially equal. Obviously, a black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape.
 * 5) Blacks and Whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, Whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them.
 * 6) Under no circumstance was a black male to offer to light the cigarette of a White female – the gesture implied intimacy.
 * 7) Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended Whites.
 * 8) Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that Blacks were introduced to Whites, never Whites to Blacks. For example: “Mr. Peters (the white person) this is Charlie (the black person), that I spoke to you about”
 * 9) Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to Blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs.,Miss., Sir, or Ma’am. Instead, Blacks were called by their first names. Blacks had to use courtesy titles when referring to Whites, and were not allowed to call them by their first names.
 * 10) If a black person rode in a car driven by a white person, the black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck.
 * 11) White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.
 * 12) Jim Crow signs were placed above water fountains, door entrances and exits, and in front of public facilities.
 * 13) Jim Crow laws touched every aspect of everyday life.
 * 14) In 1935,Oklahomaprohibited blacks and whites from boating together.
 * 15) Discrimination against blacks is acceptable
 * 16) In 1930,BirminghamAlabamamade it illegal for Blacks and Whites to play checkers or dominoes together.
 * 17) In 1919 James Weldon labeled the summer as “The Red Summer” because of racial tension and bloodletting.
 * 18) mostly white people started riots
 * 19) Majority of riots occurred during summer months.
 * 20) in almost every instance the riots occurred in black communities
 * 21) When black people fought the Jim Crow laws they paid with their lives.
 * 22) The police were no help to the blacks.
 * 23) Rumors were huge starts to riots.
 * 24) Blacks were denied the right to vote.
 * 25) Some brave people tested the Jim crows and were killed
 * 26) the Jim Crow laws were unfair and cruel, the black had no chance.


 * 1) KKK - Jordan Nicholson
 * 2) []
 * 3) Abbreviated as KKK
 * 4) Informally known as the Klan
 * 5) Since the mid 20th century the kkk has been anti communist
 * 6) First was in the south in the 1860s, died out in the 1870s
 * 7) White costumes
 * 8) Robes, masks, and conical hats
 * 9) Designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities
 * 10) Three different organizations in the U.S.
 * 11) Second was nationwide and in the early and mid 1920s
 * 12) Adopted same costume as the first
 * 13) Introduced cross burning
 * 14) Third kkk emerged after ‍‍‍‍‍‍world war II
 * 15) Associated with opposing the civil rights movement and progress among minorities
 * 16) All three groups have well records of engaging in terrorism
 * 17) First KKK: founded in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee ‍‍‍ ‍‍‍
 * 18) terrorist organization
 * 19) Named it after the Greek word Kuklos which means “circle of brothers”
 * 20) ‍‍‍Similar groups arose across the south
 * 21) Klan targeted freedom and there allies
 * 22) Threats of violence including murder
 * 23) Second KKK: Founded in 1915 in Georgia
 * 24) Grew rapidly nationwide at a time of prosperity
 * 25) Membership grew most rapidly in cities__,__ spread to Midwest and west our of the south
 * 26) Preached Americanism and purification of politics
 * 27) Took part in attacks on private houses and carried out on other violent activities
 * 28) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Violent episodes were generally in the south
 * 29) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Formal fraternal organization
 * 30) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Third KKK: 1950s – 1960s
 * 31) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Often forged alliances with Southern police departments, as in Birmingham, Al., or with governors offices
 * 32) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ku Klux Klan is a racist, anti-Semitic movement with a commitment to extreme violence to achieve its goals of racial segregation and white supremacy
 * 33) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Several members of KKK groups were convicted of murder in the deaths of civil rights workers
 * 34) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">More than 40 different Klan groups exist, many having multiple chapters, or “klaverns,” including a few that boast a presence in a large number of states ‍‍‍

Segregation []


 * 1) In 1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat for a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama
 * 2) On August 28th in 1963 MLK delivered his famous “I Have A Dream” speech
 * 3) In 1964 President Johnson signs the Civil Rights act
 * 4) In 1965 President Johnson signs into law the voting rights act
 * 5) In 1967 the supreme court rules that prohibiting interracial marriage is unconstitutional
 * 6) In 1968 MLK is shot at age 39
 * 7) In 1991 President Bush signs the civil rights act of 1991
 * 8) In 1954 Brown vs. Board Education, supreme court stated that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional