Andrew+Carnegie

"Carnegie Timeline." __Carnegie Corporatioin of New York__ 30 Jan 2009 .
 * born Nov 25, 1835 in Dunfermline, Scotland
 * May 1848 - immigrated to U.S. with parents and younger brother
 * 1848 - bobbin boy in textile mill, making $1.20 a week; tending steam engine and boiler for $2.00 a week
 * 1849 - messenger boy in telegraph office for $2.50 a week
 * promoted to telegraph operator for $20 a month
 * 1853 - personal telegrapher and assistant to Thomas Scott for $35 a month
 * makes innovative suggestions - keeping telegrapher open 24 hours a day; burning railroad cars after accidents to clear tracks and get trains moving quickly again
 * 1856 - invests $217.50 in Woodruff Sleeping Car Company
 * after 2 years, begins recieving $5000 anually from investment
 * 1859 - becomes superintendent of Pennsylvania Railroad's western division, making $1500 a year
 * 1861 - invests $11,000 in oil company in Titusville, PA; formed The Freedom Iron Company
 * recieves return of $17,868 after 1 year
 * 1863 - income is $42,000 - half from oil investment; $2400 from salary at railroad; $13,000 from investments in Piper and Schiffler Company, Adams Express Company, and Central Tranasportation Company
 * 1864 - drafted into Union Army; feels has done patriotic duty; has to pay $300 or find replacement; pays $850
 * 1865 - retires from railroad; Piper and Schiffler Company found Keystone Bridge Company; envision building bridges with iron instead of wood
 * 1867 - establishes Keystone Telegraph Company with associates from railroad, string telegraph wires across railroad poles; Keystone merges with Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company, tripling investors' return
 * 1872 - visits Henry Bessemer's steel plants in England and realizes commercial potential of steel
 * 1875 - opens first steel plant, Edgar Thomson Works, in Braddock, PA
 * 1881 - proposes merger with Henry Frick, Frick Coke Company
 * 1883 - buys Homestead Works, a rival mill of Edgar Thomson Works
 * 1886 - publishes essay in Forum Magazine defending workers' rights to organize into union; publishes Triumphant Democracy, which celebrates American belief in democracy and capitalism
 * 1889 - publishes "The Gospel of Wealth", where he says that all personal wealth beyond that required to satisfy needs of family should be regarded as trust fund to be administered for benefit of community; anual take home pay - $25 million
 * 1895 - establishes the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh - art, science, music, and literature
 * 1898 - feels need to help Phillippine Islands to gain independence; offers islands $20 million to buy their independence; decides to expand business into production of finished products
 * 1899 - organizes several of his steel companies into Carnegie Steel; Carnegie Steel anual profit - $40 million
 * 1900 - establishes Technical scools, which evolve into Carnegie Mellon University
 * 1901 - sells out to J.P. Morgan for $480 million, making Carnegie richest man in world; establishes Carnegie Trust for the Unicersities of Scotland
 * 1902 - creates Carnegie Institution of Washington - national scientific research institution which became resource for all universities
 * 1903 - Carnegie Dunfermline Trust established in Dunfermline, Scotland to benefit residents of Carnegie's birthplace
 * 1904 - establishes Carnegie Hero Fund Commission to give medals and money to those injured in attempt to "preserve and rescue their fellows"
 * 1905 - Carnegie Teachers' Pension Fund established with an endowment of $10 million
 * 1910 - establishes Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington, D.C.
 * 1911 - founded Carnegie Corporation of New York with remaining money, about $150 million, and intends for corporation to promote andvancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding by aiding college, universitiy, and technical school and genral scientific research; last philanthropic trust Carnegie creates
 * 1914 - establishes the Church Peace Union in NYC (renamed Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs in 1986)
 * 1919 - died August 11 in Lenox, MA

Adler, Robert. "Steel Industry Analysis Brief." __eia Industrial__. 8 Aug 2000. 1 Feb 2009 .
 * steel industry today is vital to both economic competitiveness and national security
 * steel is backbone of bridges, skyscrapers, railroads, automobiles, and appliances
 * most grades of steel used today are high-strength steels that are lighter and more versatile
 * U.S. steel industry is $50+ billion enterprise, additional downstream processing pushes value closer to $75 billion
 * more than 1,200 firms operating in all but a few states
 * industry employs approx. 154,000 people nationwide in 2000
 * shipments from steel industry facilities and downstream processers are about $75 billion anually
 * accounts for 2-3% of total U.S. energy consumption
 * Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Michigan have highest steel shipments
 * consists of 2 types of facilities: integrated (ore-based) and electric arc furnace (primarily scrap based)
 * about half of industry facilities conduct energy-management activities

"Steel Recycling Rates." __Steel Recycling Institute__. Steel Recycling Institute. 1 Feb 2009 .
 * North America's #1 recycled material
 * more steel recycled than aluminum, paper, glass and plastic combined
 * scrap now industry's single largest source of raw material
 * scrap is economically advantageous to recycle old steel into new steel
 * steelmaking furnaces designed to consume steel scrap
 * in past 50 yrs, approx 50% of steel produced in this country has been recycled in steelmaking process
 * wide variety of collection programs exist to recycle steel products
 * network of more than 2,000 ferrous scrap processers
 * more than 70 end markets

"Steel Industry." __The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia__. 2007. Columbia University Press. 2 Feb 2009 .
 * steel industry - business of processing iron ore into steel, which in its simplest form is iron-carbon alloy in some cases, turning metal into partially finished products or recycling scrap metal into steel
 * industry grew out of need for stronger and more easily produced metals
 * technological advances in steelmaking during last half of 19th century played key role in creating modern economies dependent on rails, automobiles, girders, bridges, and variety of other steel products
 * U.S. produced half of world's steel in 1945
 * employment rate in 1974 - 2.5 million
 * employment rate in 1998 reduced to under a million
 * global production in 1997 at 773 tons
 * U.S. steel production stayed about same since '70's at about 100 million tons
 * 50% of that total is produced by mini-mill companies
 * mini-mills - smaller, nonunion mills that recycle scrap steel
 * old-line U.S. steelmakers losing market share and with higher wage, health, and retirement costs experienced string of bankruptcies beginning in late 1990's

"Experimenting with Grantmaking Strategies." 3 Feb 2009 .
 * High-Engagement Philanthropy:A Bridge To A More Effective Social Sector - high-engagement philanthropy - "an approach in which funders (or investors) are directly and personally engaged and involved with their investment partners beyond providing financial support
 * often engagement takes form of stratiegic assistance, including: long-term planning, board and executive recruitment, coaching, help in raising capital, assuming board roles, accessing networks, leveraging relationships to identify additional resources and facilitate partnerships"